By Usman Mohammed Binji
The reported U.S. airstrikes in Sokoto State on December 25, 2025, and the way they were publicly framed, can be better understood when we look at them through established sociological theories rather than only through security or diplomatic arguments. Sociology helps us see how power, social order, and meaning operate in real communities, especially in a complex society like Nigeria.
From the perspective of conflict theory, the situation reflects unequal power relations at the global level. Conflict theorists argue that society is shaped by struggles over power and resources, and this does not stop at national borders. The United States, as a dominant global power, has the military and political capacity to act far beyond its territory, while countries like Nigeria—despite their sovereignty—often operate from a weaker position. Northern Nigeria, already affected by poverty, unemployment, land pressure, and weak state presence, becomes a space where global and local conflicts overlap. Armed groups exploit these conditions, while foreign powers justify intervention in the name of security. From this view, the airstrikes are not just about defeating terrorists; they also reflect how powerful nations protect their strategic interests and influence, sometimes reinforcing dependency and marginalisation. Ordinary communities, rather than elites or decision-makers, often bear the social costs in the form of fear, displacement, or economic disruption.
Functionalist theory offers a different lens. Functionalism sees society as a system made up of interdependent parts that must work together to maintain stability. Terrorism and insurgency are viewed as disruptions that weaken institutions such as government, education, agriculture, and trade. From this angle, the airstrikes can be interpreted as an attempt to restore balance by weakening groups that threaten social order. Supporters of this approach would argue that reducing militant activity allows markets to reopen, farming to continue, and displaced people to return home. At the international level, such actions are also seen as reinforcing cooperation between states and maintaining global norms against extremism. However, functionalist thinkers also warn about dysfunctions. If military actions harm civilians or undermine trust in government, they can create new forms of instability. In Nigeria, where social cohesion is already fragile, any action that increases fear or resentment can weaken the very order it is meant to protect.
The situation also becomes clearer when examined through symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how people interpret events and attach meaning to them in everyday life. In Nigeria, words, timing, and symbols matter deeply. Describing the airstrikes as a “Christmas present” may resonate positively with some audiences abroad, but locally it can be interpreted in multiple ways. For some Christian communities facing insecurity, it may symbolise support and hope. For others, especially Muslims or communities wary of foreign involvement, it may appear insensitive or provocative, reinforcing the idea that the conflict is religious rather than social and economic. These interpretations are shaped and reshaped through conversations, social media, sermons, radio programmes, and rumours. Over time, such meanings influence behaviour, trust, and identity, sometimes deepening divisions between “us” and “them.”
Taken together, these sociological theories show that the airstrikes are not just military actions; they are social events with consequences that reach into everyday Nigerian life. Conflict theory highlights power imbalances and inequality, functionalism draws attention to the search for stability and its unintended effects, and symbolic interactionism reveals how meanings and identities are formed around the event. For a country as diverse as Nigeria, lasting peace cannot rely solely on force, whether local or foreign. Addressing insecurity requires reducing inequality, strengthening institutions, and carefully managing symbols and narratives so that they promote unity rather than deepen existing divides. Sociology reminds us that security is ultimately about people and the social conditions in which they live.Usman
Usman Mohammed Binji is the chairman NUJ Sokoto State council





